Esca (black measles) of grapevine. An overview
نویسنده
چکیده
More than 100 years ago a grapevine disease of unknown etiology was recognized in France and California, where it was called “folletage” (Ravaz, 1898) and “sunstroke” respectively (Anonymous, 1895). In both cases the disorder was considered to be due to a physiological condition resulting from what was called “abrupt changes in the bottom water level.” Research on the pathological nature of the problem started in France in 1898 and is still active today on three continents. It has been characterized by three periods of intensive interest in the disease etiology, with two long pauses, sixty and thirty years long respectively, during which little or no research was done. Ravaz (1909) was the first to observe fungal mycelium in the tissues of diseased vines, suggesting the parasitic nature of the disorder. Sporocarps found on diseased vines were identified as belonging to the fungus Fomes igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx. However, pathogenicity tests were unsuccessful. Esca (black measles) of grapevine. An overview
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